Genotype by Sequencing Method and Its Application for Crop Improvement (A Review)
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2019
Pages:
1-7
Received:
12 April 2019
Accepted:
3 June 2019
Published:
19 June 2019
Abstract: Genotype by sequencing (GBS) is a next generation sequencing based method that takes advantage of reduced representation to enable genotyping of large numbers of individuals at a large number of SNP markers. It is relatively straightforward, robust, and cost-effective method to reduce problems in crop caused by a large genome size, reduced representation libraries are produced using a restriction enzyme that targets genomic regions while multiplexing with barcodes reduces the cost for individual sample. Several types of molecular markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), have been identified and effectively used in plant breeding. The application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has led to remarkable advances in whole genome sequencing, which provides ultra- throughput sequences to revolutionize plant genotyping and breeding. The GBS approach includes the digestion of genomic DNA with restriction enzymes followed by the ligation of barcode adapter, PCR amplification and sequencing of the amplified DNA pool on a single lane of flow cells. GBS has been successfully used in implementing genome-wide association study (GWAS), genomic diversity study, QTL mapping, genetic linkage analysis, molecular marker discovery and genomic selection under a large scale of plant breeding programs. GBS will have broad application in genomics-assisted plant breeding programs.
Abstract: Genotype by sequencing (GBS) is a next generation sequencing based method that takes advantage of reduced representation to enable genotyping of large numbers of individuals at a large number of SNP markers. It is relatively straightforward, robust, and cost-effective method to reduce problems in crop caused by a large genome size, reduced represen...
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History and Prospect of Vaccines Against Pertussis
Kaminaka Kazuyoshi,
Chikateru Nozaki
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2019
Pages:
8-12
Received:
9 June 2019
Accepted:
4 July 2019
Published:
16 July 2019
Abstract: Pertussis, known as whooping cough, is a severe respiratory disease most commonly caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is transmitted from person to person by aerosols and infects the ciliated epithelium of the airways. Pertussis was responsible for high mortality rates before the introduction of effective vaccines in the second half of the 20th century. Vaccination is thought to be the most effective method for control pertussis. There have been two types of pertussis vaccines available. The first-generation vaccine was the whole-cell vaccine, which was efficacious. However, it caused occasional side effects. The whole-cell vaccine was gradually replaced by the acellular vaccine. The acellular vaccine consists of detoxified, purified pertussis antigens. Despite the widespread use of the acellular vaccine, pertussis has recently been on the rise. In order to overcome such a situation, developments of new pertussis vaccines are in progress over the world. One is a genetically modified live vaccine which is thought to maintain safety while inducing immunity close to natural infection. And also there are a mucosal vaccine using lactic acid bacteria carrying components of pertussis and a bacterium-like particle vaccine with components of pertussis. In this review we introduce history and prospect of vaccines against pertussis.
Abstract: Pertussis, known as whooping cough, is a severe respiratory disease most commonly caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is transmitted from person to person by aerosols and infects the ciliated epithelium of the airways. Pertussis was responsible for high mortality rates before the introduction of effective vaccines in the second half of...
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